Heidelbergの有名なAlte Brueckeです。現在のものは戦後再建されたものです。
明けましておめでとうございます。
今年はどんな年になるのでしょうか。
反動があろうがなかろうが、グローバル化が進むことは間違いないでしょう。
15 問いの見直し (20130105)
この書庫の問題設定を少し見直したいと思います。
明治維新から1990年ごろまでは、次の問いが日本の人文社会学にとって重要であり、
「近代西洋とはなにか」
「私たちは近代西洋にどう対処すべきか」
1990年以後は、次の問いが重要になったと言いました。
「グローバル化とはなにか」
「私たちは、グローバル化にどのように対処すべきか」
2番目の問いの「私たち」は日本人です。では、4番目の問い「私たちはグローバル化にどう対応すべきか」の「私たち」とは、誰のことでしょうか。
2番目の問い「私たち日本人は、西洋社会にどう対応すべきか」という問いは、日本と西洋社会が別々に存在しており、それが出会った時の問題でした。グローバル化についても、日本人はしばしば「黒船」の喩で語ります、それは「外部」からやってきて開国を求めるものなのです。
しかし、正確に言うならば、グローバル化は、私たちの外部からやってきた出来事ではありません。日本の経済発展やバブルの崩壊は、グローバル化を引き起こした原因の(小さな部分であるにせよ)一部分だからです。どのような国にとっても、グローバル化は、外部の出来事ではなく、その国の変化が原因の一部になっている出来事です。そうすると、「私たちは、グローバル化にどのように対処するか」ではなくて、「私たちは、どのようなグローバル化を選択するのか」というべきでしょう。
グローバル化が世界全体の動きであり、誰も部外者ではなく、誰もがそれに加担しているのだとすると、この問いの「私たち」は、「私たち人類」でもあり得ますし、「私たち人類は、どのようなグローバル化を選択するのか」という問いになるでしょう。
上記の問いの「私たち」の変化は、ナショナルな視点から、グローバルな視点への変化でもあります。学問においても、これは同様です。学問は、本来は普遍的なものだと思いますが、人文社会科学は、これまでナショナルな視点に拘束されてきたのだと思います。人文社会学そのものは、たとえば、ドイツ哲学とか、フランス文学とか、日本史とかのように、ナショナリズムをと結びついて発生したものであり、ナショナリズムが無効になった今日でもなおナショナルな視点と結びついています。
グローバル化のなかで、グローバルな視点からの人文社会学のための社会的な条件が成立したといえます。もちろん、グローバル化の時代になっても国家はなくならないし、ナショナル・インタレストもなくなりませんから、ナショナルな視点の人文社会科学もなくならないでしょうが、他方で、グローバルな視点の人文社会学の可能性も登場したということです。
たとえば、歴史学における世界システム論や、哲学における言語分析の哲学が、グローバルな視点からの人文社会科学の例として考えられると思います。
このグローバルな視点からの人文社会科学は、黒船のようにやってきたのではありません。経済におけるとどうように、文化においても、グローバルな文化は、外からやってきたのではなく、これまでの文化の変化の帰結として登場したのだと思います。
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