２９日３０日と東京出張でした。写真は、お茶の水女子大学の桜です。
花冷えの一日でした。
仕切り直しです。
この書庫での目標は、＜我々が行なう指差しや言葉による指示は、発達心理学的には、共同注意、共同指さし、共同指示ともよべるものからの分離によって成立した＞の証明です。この目標のさらに上位の目標は、＜我々が行なっている指示や知は、何らかの共同指示や共同知をつねに前提している＞の証明です。これはこの書庫の目標ではありませんが、ここでの議論に影響するだろうとおもいます。
そこでまず、共同注意について、勉強しながら、報告するということを始めたのですが、その過程でトマセロの本をもとに幼児の発達過程を勉強しました。それを復習すると次のようになります。
トマセロは、共同注意が成立するまでの段階を次のように大きく４段階で考えています。
1：自分と他者は似ている(と理解している？）（生まれたときから）。
2-1：自分は出来事を起こすことができる原因である （2-1,2-2は、生後７，８ヶ月）
2-2：「自己運動と力の源としての他者、つまり有生の存在という他者理解」
3-1：自分は意図をもつ存在である。（3-1,3-2は生後８ヶ月くらいから）
3-2：「行動および知覚に関して選択を行う存在としての他者、つまり意図をもつ存在という他者理解」
4:共同注意（生後９ヶ月～１５か月）
トマセロは、2-1から2-2への移行と、3-1から3-2への移行が、シミュレーションになると考えていると思われます。トマセロは、さらに、この４の共同注意のスキルを3段階に分けていました。
4-1：大人の注意をチェックする（生後９～１２ヶ月）
（協調行動、社会的障害物に対する反応、物の提示）
4-2：注意に追従する（生後１１～１４ヶ月）
（視線追従、指差し追従、指令的な指さし、社会的参照）
4-3：注意を向けさせる（生後１３～１５ヶ月）
（模倣学習、宣言的な指差し、指示的な言語）
シミュレーション理論を主張するには、2-1と2-2が、また、3-1と３-2が、本当に時間的な前後関係で出現するのかどうか、これが本当に実験で確認されているのかどうかを、調べる必要があります。ただし、ほとんど同時にこれらが登場していても、それによって直ちに、シミュレーション理論の批判にはならないかもしれません。
＜3-1から3-2へのシミュレーションによる移行＞への批判としては、次のような対案を考えています。
＜自分が意図を持つことから、他者も意図を持つという理解が生まれる＞このようにいえるのでしょうか。
例えば、自分の意図の理解は、自分が何かしようとすることを、母親が、「ミルクがほしいのね」「オムツを替えてほしいのね」「あのおもちゃがほしいのね」「抱っこしてほしいのね」などと、赤ちゃんの意図を解釈して、その解釈された意図を自分の意図として理解するようになる、ということがあるのではないでしょうか。もしそうだとすると、そのようにして得られる自分の意図の理解よりも、「ミルクを飲もうね」とか「オムとを変えようね」などという母親の意図の理解の方が早いかもしれません。赤ちゃんは、自分の意図を、他者との親交(communion)の中で、他者の意図を理解するのと同時に、あるいはさらに、それに後れて、理解するようになるのかもしれません。
しかし、この対案を一体どのような実験によって確認したらよいのか、いまとのころ思いつきません。ちなみに、この時期の子供はまだ初語を話しません。規準喃語（なんご）（canonical babbles）といわれる、言葉のように聞こえるけれどもそうではない発声をするだけです（参考、ローレン B. アダムソン『乳児のコミュニケーション発達』大藪泰、田中みどり訳、川島書店、p.207）。ですから、意図の理解といっても、命題による理解ではありません。
（喃語については、http://d.hatena.ne.jp/keyword/%D3%C7%B8%EC を参照してください。）
次に、上の対案に似た対案を、注意についても考えてみたいと思います。
しかし、残念ながら、4月２日から１０日までドレスデンに出張しますので、しばらくお休みします。
ドレスデンの写真を楽しみにしてください。
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