第二次大戦中に日本軍が放った風船爆弾は、ここOmahaで爆発しました。しかし、けが人は出なかったそうです。 このあたりは、Omahaのビバリーヒルズとよばれているところです。
04 群れをつくる理由 (20120509)
Wikipediaで調べると、動物が群れを作る理由としては、次のようなものが指摘されているようだ。
・他の種の動物から身を守るために集団でいた方が有利。
・餌をとるのに、集団の方が有利
・過酷な環境に耐えるのに、集団でいた方が有利
・生殖相手を見つけるのが容易
群れを作るデメリットとしては、次が考えられているようだ。
・仲間から攻撃を受ける可能性がある
さて、人類の祖先の動物が群れを作ったとき、上記のような理由であったとすると。個体では解決できない問題を解決するために群れを作った、といえる。また、森の中からサバンナへと群れとして移動したのだとすると、それもまた、個体では解決できない問題を群れで解決したといえる。
このような群れが、次の仮説「社会の規則や組織などは、一人では解決できず集団で取り組まなければ解決できない問題(社会問題)を解決するために作られたものであり、またそのようなものとしてのみ正当化される」を前提するときに、「社会」だと言えるかどうかは、「問題を解決するために作られた」をどのように解釈するかに依存する。
たとえば、チンパンジーが、固いクルミの実をとるために、石をつかって、殻を壊しているとしよう。「チンパンジーは、石を使うことによって、「どうやってクルミの実を取り出すか」という問題を解決したのだ」と語ることができる。しかし、そのように語るのは人間である。チンパンジー自身が「どうやってクルミの実をとりだすか」という問いを立て、それに答えたのではない。「問題を解決する」によって、<言葉にして問いを立て、それに答えること>を意味するなら、このような意味で社会を作るのは、言語を持つものだけである。このような意味で「社会」を理解するなら、社会が登場するのは、言語の発生の後である。
オーストラろピテクスが、霊長類のなかで出現するまえから、人類の祖先は群れで生活していたかもしれない。もしそうだとすると、群れを作った時に、言語を持っていなかったことは確実である。 言語は、群れの生活の中で出現したのだといえる。
言語そのものは、社会制度だと言えるだろうか。先の仮説を採用するとき、言語は社会制度になるのだろうか。言い換えると、言語は、個人では解けない問題を解決するために作られたものだといえるだろうか?「そのとおり」と答えたくなる。
しかし、他方では、言語が何かの問題解決のために作られたとしても、その問題はまだ言語化されていないはずである。したがって、この仮説によれば、言語は社会制度ではないことになる。
これをどう考えたらよいだろうか。
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