今日は東京出張でした。
１５ 別案の検討 (20120714)
前回、次のような「社会問題」の定義を提案しました。
「社会問題とは、クレイムを申し立てる人やグループ自身が社会によってのみ解決できるような問題として申し立てる問題である」
この定義は、
①社会学者が＜社会がある機能を持ったシステムとして理解し、その機能に反する逆機能を持つ状態を、社会問題である＞と理解するのでは、客観性を持ち得ないという欠点を回避しています。
②キツセとスペクターによる、「社会問題」とは「何らかの想定された状態についてを述べ、クレイムを申し立てる個人やグループの活動(claim-making activity)」であるという定義がもつ、広すぎるという欠点を回避しています。
③クレイムを申し立てる個人がグループの数によって、社会問題とそうでないものを区別ことはできない、という基準をクリアしています。
ここで念の為に別の案を検討しておきたいと思います。
別案１
「社会問題とは、クレイムを申し立てる人やグループ自身が、社会が原因となって生じた問題として申し立てる問題である」
別案２
「社会問題とは、クレイムを申し立てる人やグループ自身が、社会が解決すべき責任のある問題として申し立てる問題である」
別案１の欠点は、＜社会が原因となって生じたのではないとしても、社会全体で取り組まなければ解決できない問題＞が社会問題から除外されることにあります。なぜなら、それでは困る場合があるからです。例えば、大規模な自然災害の場合に、いかにして復興するかは社会で取り全体で取り組まなければ解決できない問題なのですが、これは社会問題に入れる必要のあるだと考えるからです（さらに理由を問われたら、なんと答えたらよいものでしょうか。）
別案１のもう一つの欠点は、それによると、社会問題が生じるためには、すでに社会が存在していることが前提される、ということです。このとき、社会そのものが社会問題の解決のために創られたと考えることができなくなります。
別案２の欠点１は、＜社会に解決すべき責任がないのだが、社会全体で取り組まなければ解決できない問題＞が社会問題から除外されることにあります。上に述べた大規模な自然災害の場合がこれに当たります。
別案２の欠点２は、別案１の欠点２と同じことです。
では、＜社会全体で取り組まなくても解決できるが、しかし社会が原因となって生じた問題＞は社会問題ではないといえるでしょうか。
微妙な美妙なケースでは「社会が原因となって生じた」ということの意味が問題になりそうですが、大抵の場合には＜社会が原因になって生じた問題の解決については、社会全体の責任である＞と言えそうです。その意味で、その問題の解決は社会がスべきことであるとおもいます。しかし、それは社会問題ではないと考えます。もし社会が解決すべき問題であるにもかかわらず社会が解決しようとしていないのならば、そのときに初めて、社会問題になると考えられます。
別案２の場合も同様です。＜社会全体で取り組まなくても解決できるが、しかし社会が解決すべき責任のある問題＞は、これ自体が社会問題なのではなくて、社会がこの問題を解決しようとしていない時に、社会問題になります。
このように考えるならば、別案１と２は不要であり、私達の提案１だけでよいことになります。
では、これで十分でしょうか。
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