06 対決

　　　　　対決のためのテーブル？　和解のためのテーブル？

トマセロのシミュレーション説は、次の四段階に整理出来る。
1：自分と他者は似ている。
2-1：自分は出来事を起こすことができる原因である
2-2：「自己運動と力の源としての他者、つまり有生の存在という他者理解」
3-1：自分は意図をもつ存在である。
3-2：「行動および知覚に関して選択を行う存在としての他者、つまり意図をもつ存在という他者理解」
4:共同注意

これに対する批判は、次のようなものである。
批判：トマセロのシミュレーション説に従うならば、「子供は自分自身の意図の状態を利用して他者の視点をシミュレーションできるようになるのに先立って、まず自分自身の意図の状態を概念化する能力をもたなければない」ということになる。しかし、これは正しくない。
ゴプニクは「子供は他者の心的な状態を概念化するのに先立って自分自身の心的状態を概念化するというわけではない」(p.１０１)と言う。Gopnik, A. 1993, How we know our minds: The illusion first-person knowledge about intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Science 16, 1-14.
またバルチュとウェルマンは、「他者の心的な状態よりも先に自分自身の心的な状態のことを言葉で語るというわけでもない。」（p. 101.）と言う。Bartsch, K., and Wellmann, H. 1995, Children talk about the mind. New York: Oxford UP.

上の段階でいえばその中の3-1が3-2に先行しなければらならないが、現実にはそのようなことはない。
というのがここでの批判である。

これに対して、トマセロは次のように反論する。
反論：「シミュレーションというものを、子供が心的な内容を概念化し、その心的内容が自分自身のものであると意識し続け、そしてそれを特定の状況で他者に帰属するという明示的な過程であると考えなければよいのである。」「私の仮説は単に、子供は他者が「自分に似ている」ので自分と似た形で活動するはずだと言うカテゴリー的な判断をするのだと言うことにすぎない。」（p. 101)「単に、他者の大まかな機能の仕方を自分自身とのアナロジーを通して知覚するということだけのことである。」(p. 101)

この反論は、次のようなことであろうか。
＜子供が大人がボールをとろうとしていることを理解する＞のは、
＜自分がそのボールをとろうとする意図をもち、それを言葉で理解し、その意図を大人の中に転移して、大人がボールをとろうとしていることを理解する＞というのではなくて、
＜自分が何かを取ろうと意図することがあるという理解とのアナロジーで、大人が何かを取ろうとしていると理解する＞のである。
＜自分の特定の意図＞を他者の中に転移するのではなくて、＜自分のより一般的な意図のタイプ（カテゴリー）＞を他者の中に転移する。

この反論が説得力をもつためには、＜特定の意図の理解の場合には、自分の意図の理解が、他者の意図の理解に先行することはない＞けれども、＜より一般的な意図（タイプやカテゴリー）の理解の場合には、自分の意図の理解が、他者の意図の理解に先行する＞ということが言えなければならないだろう。
しかし、トマセロは、少なくともそのことをこの本では証明していない。

投稿者:

irieyukio

問答の哲学研究、ドイツ観念論研究、を専門にしています。 2019年3月に大阪大学を定年退職し、現在は名誉教授です。 香川県丸亀市生まれ、奈良市在住。

「06 対決」への769件のフィードバック

  1. SECRET: 0
    PASS:
    他者の「理解」
    他者の意図の｢理解」
    自分の意図の「理解」
    によりトマセロが｢理解｣でどれほどの高度なことがらを意味しているのかが重要であると思われます．（訳語の統一性なども注意しなければならないかもしれません）

    ゴプニクやウェルマンといった理論－理論擁護者のいうことも一理あるように思われます（とくに彼女らの枠組みを前提とすると）

    幼児に
    「私は母がそれを見ようと意図していることを知っている」
    という命題的な信念を帰属させることに確かに無茶なわけです．
    信念箱に含まれる信念の形ではない，他者への意図の帰属，というものをトマセロが考えているのならば，それは十分ありえるように思われます．
    understanding-理解-悟性は強すぎると思われます．recognition とかでしょうか．
    時間切れですのでそれではまた．

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