９ 原始共同体内の問答(４) 規範の登場 (20140329)
前々々回の問い「言語によって、ヒトの個体と群れは、類人猿の個体と群れとは異質なものになっただろう。では、どこが異質なのだろうか。」への答えその３。
答えその１は「共有知」の成立であり、答えその２は「文化」の誕生であった。この二つから、規範性が生じる。
一定の言葉（概念）の体系を共有することは、文化を共有することである。言葉の使用はある種の規範性をもつ。その規範性は、子供が「あれはオオカミだ」といったときに、「そうだ」とか「いや、あれはオオカミではない」などといって言葉の使用法を肯定したり、訂正したりするときに、明らかになる。＜もしある言葉で何かを意味したいならば、その言葉の使用法に従うべきである＞
このような言葉に関する規範性をとりあえず次のように分けることができるだろう。
①言葉の使用には、正しい使用と間違った使用がある。言葉の理解には、正しい理解と間違った理解がある。私たちは、言葉を正しく使用し、正しく理解すべきである。
②私たちは、真なる文ないし命題を語るべきであり、偽なる文ないし命題を語るべきでない。
③私たちは、真であると思うことを語るべきであり、偽であると思うことを語るべきでない。（誠実に語るべきであり、嘘をつくべきではない。）
④私したちは、約束をするときには、誠実にすべきである。
⑤私たちは、約束を守るべきである。
このような言葉の規範性は、ダメット、マクダウェル、ブランダムなどによって近年強調されている。これに対して、言葉の使用法がもつ規範性は、突き詰めれば何らかの実用的な有効性から説明できるのであり、規範的規則性は、非規範的な規則性に還元可能であると考える（Cf. Horwich, Meaning, chap. 8）批判がある。このような批判は、たとえば、一般的な形でいうと、＜言葉を使うことで、実用的な効果Eを得たいのならば、言葉の使用規則Rに従うべきである＞という批判になる。つまり、使用規則Rの規範性は、効果Eを達成したいという前件が成り立つことに基づいているのであって、元の条件法そのものには規範性はないという批判になる。しかし、この前件が成り立つことを私たちが理解すること（あるいは、条件法全体を理解すること）もまた、言語（の正しい使用）による。したがって、それらもまた一定の規範性を想定している。人の集団が言語を獲得し、文化を獲得したならば、私たちはその外部に出ることはできないのであり、言語がもつ規範性の外部に出ることはできない。
（以上の主張は、言語の意味の規範性を否定するHorwichに対する批判になりうるだろうと推測している。言語の使用の規範的規則については、非規範的な規則で説明できたとしても、この説明自体はやはり真である必要があるだろう。つまり、何らかの言葉の使用法に従うべきである。）
言語や文化の規範性は、共有知によって発生する。（これについては、もう少し詳細な論証が必要だろう。ただし、この書庫ではここまでとする。）
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