02 定義のつづき

白樺湖のつづきと哲学の定義のつづきです。

■哲学の定義５：哲学とは、社会が直面している最も重要な問題が何であるかを明示し、それに答えることである。
　このような哲学の代表は、ヘーゲルとマルクスである。ヘーゲルは啓蒙主義、悟性主義にその時代の問題をみて、それを歴史主義によって乗り越えようとした。マルクスは、資本主義にその時代の問題を見て、共産主義によって乗り越えようとした。
　これとよく似た定義として、次のものがある。

■哲学の定義６：哲学とは、人にとっての最も重要な問題「人生の意味とは何か」に答えることである。

この定義５と６に対する批判は次のようになる。
　社会問題と人生問題は、我々によって構成される。社会問題に限らず、全ての問題は、我々によって構成されるのである。＜事実＞は、我々の認識から独立に、実在するのではない。＜問題＞もまた我々の認識から独立に存在するのではない。事実と意図の矛盾から問題が生じるが、事実認識も、意図も、問に対する答えとして構築される。勿論、問と答えが構築されるとしても、その構築は個人が恣意的におこなえることではない。
　哲学が、通常問題をより深くより広く問うことであるとすれば、これらの問に関して、哲学は、「社会問題や人生問題は、どのように構成されるのか」を問うことになる。確かに定義５と６に示される課題は、哲学の重要課題である、あるいは最重要課題であるかもしれない。なぜなら、より深い問題やより広い問題のほうが、より重要であるとは限らないからである。しかし、それらの課題は、哲学の全てではない。
　そこで、私は定義３を採用することにする。

投稿者:

irieyukio

問答の哲学研究、ドイツ観念論研究、を専門にしています。 2019年3月に大阪大学を定年退職し、現在は名誉教授です。 香川県丸亀市生まれ、奈良市在住。

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