11 原始共同体内の問答(6) 共同体の歴史

               数日前の満開のサクラです。今年はなぜかサクラに心を動かされませんでした。
 
11 原始共同体内の問答() 共同体の歴史 (201404014)
 前回、共同体の同一性について述べたが、それに関連して付け加えるべき事柄が残っていた。それは、記憶の問題と、他の共同体との区別関係である。
 まず、記憶について。前回見たように、共同体の自己同一性は、記憶ないし集団的記憶を必要とする。記憶は通常、対象の記憶とエピソード記憶に分けられる。動物には対象の記憶はある。犬が、数年前飼い主であった人を記憶していたとか、イルカが、20年前の仲間を記憶していた、というような報告がある。しかし、動物のエピソード記憶の存在は報告されていない。なぜなら、エピソードの記憶は、エピソードの語りとして確認できるが、動物は言語で語ることができないので、動物がエピソード記憶をもつことを確認することができないからである。これに対して人間はエピソード記憶を持つ。
 言語によって人は、エピソード記憶を持つことが出来、さらに自分の人生についての記憶(自伝的記憶)を持つことができるようになり、それが共同体のなかで確認されることによって人格の同一性が成立することになるだろう。これと同様に、共同体もまた共同体の出来事についての人々の記憶を互いに確認しあうことによって、共同体にとっての出来事の記憶を共有する事になるだろう。これを集団的記憶と呼ぶことにしよう。この集団的記憶によって、共同体の歴史を共有することができ、それによって共同体の同一性や歴史が社会的に構成されることになる。人の人生は、家族の歴史や数十人の部族の歴史のなかで部族の歴史の一部として構成される。
 共有知が形式であり、その内容となるのが概念体系(文化)であり、それと類比的に、共同体の自己同一性が形式であり、その内容となるのが共同体の歴史である。共同体は、集団で記憶を共有することによって、歴史を共有する。
 エピソードの集団記憶によって可能になることの1つは、集団全体でおこなう約束である。未来のことを約束しても、それが当事者たちに記憶されなければ、約束は成立しないが、集団的記憶によって、未来の行為についての約束が可能になる。集団全体で行う約束によって、集団内に掟が成立する。おそらく、集団内の複数の人間の間の約束というのは、おそらく部族全体の取り決めが拘束力をもつものとして成立するようになった後で、初めて成立するだろうと推測する。なぜなら<約束できる個体>というような観念は、共同体全体での取り決めが成立する前には、成立しなかっただろうと推測するからである。

 

投稿者:

irieyukio

問答の哲学研究、ドイツ観念論研究、を専門にしています。 2019年3月に大阪大学を定年退職し、現在は名誉教授です。 香川県丸亀市生まれ、奈良市在住。

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