北京で飲んだ燕京ビールです。味はもう一つでした。
urbeさん、鋭いご質問ありがとうございます。夏休みボケで、私がご質問を十分に理解しているかどうかは、自信がないのですが、答えて見ましょう。
＜欲望は命題的態度の一種である＞というのは、＜欲望は「私は・・・したい」という発話である＞ということだと思います。「私は…という欲望を持つ」と考えているとき、私は「私は…したい」と発話しています。しかし、欲望を持つことが、そのような発話をすることに尽きない場合があるとおもいます。
たとえば、「水を飲みたい」と思うとき、「水を飲みたい」という欲望として語られる心的状態ないし身体的状態（この違いは大きいかもしれません）が、言葉になる前に、あるいは言葉とは独立に、存在しているだろうとおもいます。このとき、欲望は、単に命題的態度と同一ではありません。
ところで、それが「みずを飲みたい」という欲望であることは、セラーズの言う「理由の空間」の中で、つまり様々な命題との関係のなかで、初めて成立するのだと思われます。もし、発話と独立にそれに対応する心的状態ないし身体的状態があるとすると、「水が飲みたい」という発話は、それの記述です。このときには、「水を飲みたい」は、私の状態についての認識であり、真理値をもつでしょう。
さて、「生きたい」という欲望も、これと同じかもしれませんが、しかしこの欲望は、もっと抽象的なものなので、「生きたい」という欲望として語られるものが、言葉になる前に、言葉とは独立に存在するということはないのかもしれません。そのようなもの無しに、さまざまな命題との関係の中で、「私は生きたい」という発話によって成立するのかもしれません。
もしそのようなものがあるとすると、おそらく、「食べたい」とか「水を飲みたい」とか「眠りたい」とか「排泄したい」とか「休みたい」とかに対応するものどもの体系のようなものでしょう。もしそのようなものがあるとすると、「生きたい」もまた、心的状態ないし身体的状態の記述であり、真理値を持つことになります。
しかし、私は、そのようなものはない、つまり「生きたい」に対応するような心的な状態ないし身体的状態はないと考えてみたい気がします（これは、いまのところ証明できません。）もし、そのようなものがないとしたら、どうなるでしょうか。「ご就職おめでとうございます」という発話が表現型発話であり、真理値を持たないのと同様に、「私は生きたい」という発話もまた（表現型か？、宣言型か？）真理値を持たないことになります。
このような意味で、「生きたい」は真理値をもたない、と述べました。
さて、これで、以前の発言がより明晰になったでしょうか。
しかし、ここでちょっと、もう一度考えてみたいとおもいます。「生きたい」に対応する状態がないとしても、それが真理値を持つ可能性があるのではないでしょうか。例えば、もし「私は食べたい」が、私が生きることを前提するのならば、「私は食べたい」が真であるとき、「私は生きたい」も真であるのではないでしょうか？
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特に後半部分の議論を面白いと思いました．「私は食べたい」が「私は生きたい」を前提とする，における「前提」にいろいろ解釈があると思われます．二つ文章の間になんらかの意味的な関係があり，一つを認めると，もう一つを認めざるをえない，かもしれませんし（「彼は父親だ」から「彼は男だ」を導くように)．あるいは二つの命題の間に論理的に真理保存性が働いているのかもしれません．あるいは，二つの命題の間に，世界の事実として，一つ目をみとめると二つ目を認めざるをえない，と（つまり人間の心理の事実として，食べたがっている人は生きたがっている，というふうな）．「生きたい」と「食べたい」との間にどのような関係が成り立つのでしょうか？それともこれは的を外していますか?
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僕は命題的態度が知識，信念，欲求などに対する概念的分析の一つであるとは思いますが，それが人間の心理の探求にそのまま適用できる（古典的計算主義者や思考の言語仮説)，かどうかは保留します．ですので，先生が欲求／欲望の分析に命題的態度を採用せず，何らかの枠組みに従うと，「生きたい」と誰かが発話するときに，それは何かを記述しているわけではない，と結論されることにはまったく問題を感じません．問いとしては，では心的なもの（欲求や欲望など）は一般的になんであろう，どのような枠組みなのだろう，というわけです．
というのも，行動主義者であったり，分散表象主義者であったりしても，「生きたい」が真であったり偽であったりするものではないでしょうから（というのもそのような心的存在，欲望は存在しないのですから）．
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