またしても北京のビールです。
前回次のように書きました。
「生きたい」に対応する状態がないとしても、それが真理値を持つ可能性があるのではないでしょうか。例えば、もし「私は食べたい」が、私が生きることを前提するのならば、「私は食べたい」が真であるとき、「私は生きたい」も真であるのではないでしょうか?
この続きを考えましょう。
ここで我々は「生きたい」を二つの意味で理解することが出来るように思われます。一つは、「私は食べたい」が真であるならば、それが前提しているような「生きることを求める」という意味です。ここでの「食べたい」は、心的ないし身体的な状態であるとしましょう。この場合には、「食べたい」も「生きたい」も動物としての欲求だと言ってよいでしょう。このような「食べたい」には真理値があるでしょう。「その犬は何か食べたいのだ」が記述であって、真理値をもつのと同様に、「私は何か食べたい」も記述であって、真理値をもつと考えられます。そして、「生きたい」に対応する状態を、このような「食べたい」や「水を飲みたい」や「眠りたい」や「休みたい」に対応するような諸状態の体系として想定するとき、「その犬は生きたいのだ」もまた記述であり、真理値をもつことになります。
ところで、このような「生きたい」が、動物としての欲求だとすると、これと区別して、社会的な欲求としての「生きたい」という欲望を考えることが出来るのではないでしょうか。
実は、「食べたい」にも、この二つを区別することが出来ます。「名古屋の外郎(ういろう)でなく、山口の下郎を食べたい」という欲望は、それに対応する心的ないし身体的状態が言語とは独立にあり、それを記述している、というのではないでしょう。つまり、「山口の外郎を食べたい」は記述ではなく、真理値をもちません。このような欲望は、社会的欲望だと思われます(これの意味の説明と、これの論証は、後の課題とします)。しかし、山口の外郎を食べることが、生きていることを前提するならば、「山口の外郎を食べたい」という欲望は、「生きたい」という欲望を含意します。このときの「生きたい」は社会的な欲望であり、それに対応する心的ないし身体的な状態が、この発話と独立に存在するのではありません。この「生きたい」は、記述ではないので真理値を持ちません。
動物としての「生きたい」という欲求と、社会的な「生きたい」という欲望は、常に揃っているとは限りません。一方だけがある場合、どちらもない場合もありえるでしょう。
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PASS:
一般的に,社会的欲望,というものはどのようなものなのでしょう?
「名古屋の外郎(ういろう)でなく、山口の下郎を食べたい」という欲望は、それに対応する心的ないし身体的状態が言語とは独立にあり、それを記述している、というのではないでしょう。
というのはなぜでしょう?僕がウィリアムオッカムなら,もちろんそういう心的状態が発話と独立にあります,と言うでしょうし,僕がジェリーフォーダーでも,そういう心の状態が発話と独立にありますよ,と言うと思います.もちろんこれは後の課題です,とされているので,的を外した問いですが,「社会的欲望」というものがわからないので,次のステップをなかなかにつかめずにいます.
どのような要因がかねそなわったとき,欲望を社会的と呼ぶべきなのでしょうか.
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